Environment & Climate: The race against natural climate change.

This is NOT another video/page on man-made/Anthropogenic climate change, there are videos linked below on that topic. This focus on the essential background for climate discussion: natural climate change and reveals the key dangerous mistake in climate debate: Natural climate change is far from being benign, has already been central to the extinction of over 99% of species of “Mother Earth”, and a greater understanding of this threat is key to dealing with both current and future challenges. Just maybe, while nature is awe inspiring, it is not really simply a “nurturing” mother?

Introduction.

Welcome to a one finite planet page/video that drills down, starting with the complete picture of the total life of the Earth and it’s for 4 Eons from formation until the near death experience of the Sun “exploding”, into the current Phanerozoic Eon, the only Eon time the Earth has been “habitable” for visible life, shown here with the only times cool enough for human life marked in blue.

Continuing down to the Cenozoic “age of mammals” Era and into our ice-age, and then to the remarkable, and almost certainly unprecedented, stable climate of this Holocene Epoch that has enabled homo sapiens to suddenly progress from 300,000 years of the stone age to our modern civilization.

Then, a look at “what’s next for climate” and how long before, if nature just takes its natural course, the environment would ensure we humans would add to the over 99% of all species so far that have already progressed through the revolving door to extinction. We are in a race to have the technology to prevent climate making us extinct before it can cause the collapse of civilization that develops technology.

Big picture (The big picture: Putting the timeline of life on Earth in perspective).

Science, and the Monty Python universe song, have put in perspective how tiny our tiny place is within the universe, but it may be even harder to grasp how tiny our time is, not just with the universe, but within the history of Earth. [Original song, and with Brian Cox and Tim Minchin].

Eon summary -(In Eon0) (The Earth is 4.5 billion years old, and that time so far is dived into 4 Eons

The Earth is 4.5 billion years old, and that time so far is dived into 4 Eons:

Hadean Eon: Think “hades” or age of hell on Earth, with massive bombardments from space, intense heat, toxic atmosphere, no oxygen to breathe nor ozone layer to block radiation, and yet, at some point in this this Eon life began. Perhaps even more than once. Life began as Procaryotes, highly resilient single celled microbes. Organisms too small to see with the naked eye, like those we kill when cooking food and sterilizing medical instruments. Data from this time is scarce as little survived the turmoil of the young partial molten Earth, that didnt even allow procaryotes to thrive. Interesting that life began, and perhaps can only begin, in conditions where “visible life” can’t survive.

To the Archean Eon, named as “the beginning”, for those simple microbes of first life bean to thrive. The time of the late heavy bombardment and still no oxygen or ozone layer and temperatures still close to those of boiling water, but hey, those microbes are tough.

Proterozoic: Named as the time of “earlier life”, for the emergence of Eucaryotes. With no real oxygen and still too hot for complex life, this perhaps the most remarkable evolutionary step, believe to have occurred only once ever, as microbes developed with a nucleus and organelles, which are like organisms within organisms, greatly increasing cell their complexity. These single celled still too small to see microbes over time developed sexual reproduction and then exploded in numbers.

Phanerozoic meaning visible life Eon: (0.5 b) years that began with the Cambrian explosion of life on Earth. Visible life we normally think of as life took hold, with the very early Phanerozoic reaching “peak life”: more total biomass of life on Earth than ever before or ever since.

The “Cambrian explosion” was triggered by a mix of steps forward in evolution and environment. An atmosphere that for the first time planet wide supported the respiration all complex life requires.

The first 3 Eons are sometimes grouped as the Precambrian supereon, dividing time into the 90% of time Earth was uninhabitable by visible life, and the 10% habitable by visible life. Note that while all the Phanerozoic with oxygen, an ozone layer, and more reasonable temperatures, supports visible life, only the 25% as represented by areas shaded in blue, have had a climate suitable for humans. Only 3% of the time has Earth been a planet that, had human arrived in spaceships, they would have found suitable.

A longer timeline (as shown in the video) is needed to include up to when, in around 5 billion years, the sun will end its life as a mainstream star. A source for some useful data on the future for temperature and life is “Causes and timing of future biosphere extinctions” by S. Franck, et al.” linked on the webpage as below, and diagrams from that paper, are presented here.

Links: “Causes and timing of future biosphere extinctions”, by S. Franck, C. Bounama, W. von Bloh in 2006, and available here, and also here.

First future temperature.

It is often stated that life must end because the sun explodes in 5 billion years. And yes, it may be true, but we’ve known for decades that, as can be discovered by a quick web search, all life on Earth will end far, far earlier. And just a fraction of that time, as Earth will continue to heat as radiation from the sun increases every million years and be too hot for any life of any type within around 1 to 1.5 billion years.

While some articles, like this one, conclude that as the oceans won’t boil for another billion years, humans must also have a billion years left. But while extremophiles and microbes may not have that long, that’s far too optimistic for us humans. While we maybe we can cope with more than a +2^oC increase, we certainly can’t handle more than a small fraction of the around +80^oC increase needed to boil all the oceans!

But that also raises another question. If the sun is always getting hotter, does that mean Earth is also always getting hotter, and therefore must have been colder in the past.

The sun progressively sending ever more heat explains the hotter in the future part of that hot -cooler- hot again trend, as shown in this diagram (see video) from “Causes and timing of future biosphere extinctions”“, but not, the hotter in the past, when there was less heat from the sun.
That the Earth was not colder in the past is known as the faint young sun paradox. The sun sent heat at only around 70% of current levels of heat to early earth, and at that early time a simple rock in space at our orbit, sort of like the moon, would have had a temperature of around -100C.
But past heat can be explained by a combination of intense internal residual heat from the earth’s formation and CO2 levels which were over 1,000x higher than today, which made it hard for that intense heat from the Sun to escape from the Earth. As volcanoes show, not all heat comes from the sun, and the Earth core is still hotter than the sun surface!

The Earth has so far been cooling, because CO2 levels have been falling by even more than needed to offset the increased heat from the sun. (diagram in video). However, we are about to experience “the big flip” from an overall cooling planet to rising temperatures, because firstly, while a CO2 drop of around 4 parts per million can currently offset 1 million years of solar increase, we can do that for more than around 25million years before CO2 becomes too low for, plants. Secondly, while a “rock in space” would now be -18C or around 30C cooler than our internally superhot planet, the gap is narrowing, and soon even “rock in space” would become too hot for life.

The result is the “from hot too cooler, but about to get hot again.

The other point that may be clarified with some background and another chart is, how come, if conditions in the past made the planet “uninhabitable”, life began so early on Earth?

As in the song, sometimes words have two meanings, and the meaning in science can differ from the everyday meaning, as with the word “life” which usually means living things we can see. We may say “the antibiotic was life-saving”, when in reality it was used to kill billions of microbes in order to save one single “visible life”. If all “life is scared” includes single celled procaryote and eukaryote microbes as life, it would be hard to justify the existence of life like us that requires the deaths of billions of microbes every day to stay alive.
Only procaryote/eucaryote microbes described by professor Brian Cox as “just slime” (quote displayed in the video) existed during Earths’ first 4 billion years.

Phanerozoic

The Phanerozoic: A unique bloom of visible life on an otherwise barren planet. Earth as we picture it. Visible life, A breathable atmosphere, and acceptable levels of radiation, still most often too hot for humans, but if we, as aliens, found a world like this, we’d land and, heat aside, not need spacesuits.

For the this most recent Eon we have more detailed data as can be seen from the graph from Scott Wing of Smithsonian, but that brings the first surprise of this Phanerozoic Eon of visible life, that on average it is still too hot for us humans.

Because there is no universal agreement on how to calculate “global average temperature”, leading climate figures usually, to me annoyingly, only give relative numbers +1.5 or +2 without the actual temperature being clear, the Scott Wing chart and this video uses widely used would be 14C as +0.

Note a global average of 14c is from all temperatures from the high maximum of weather reports to cooler night minimums. New York city has an annual 13-14(55–57°F), but days have reached 40(104F) and night can drop below -10c(14F). And no, an 8C rise in global temps wouldn’t necessarily make New York like Sydney, as even if it amazingly didn’t break climate systems, +8C globally could mean NY maximums of even 50C(122F), much higher than hottest of Sydney today.

Note the graph is half red and half blue, which brings us to another “words have two meanings’: “ice age”. The word “ice age”: suggest a time with more glaciers/ice than normal, but while for day-to-day conversation, “now” is normal and the 4C colder time just over 12,000 years ago, that’s an ice age, to a geoscientist, normal is that centreline, making “now”, with those Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets,
which would usually not be present makes this at least an “ice age lite” or technically “interglacial period of an ice age”, with the just a little colder 12,000 years ago, a glacial period of an ice age. So, in science, as Dr Ben Miles puts it (video clip). There are attempts to find words to avoid the ambiguity exacerbated by Hollywood, but we now technically in the late Cenozoic ice age, and with temperatures now, a whole 9°C below the 23°C average for the Eon, as calculated by integrating the area under the curve, and even just below the 15C midpoint of an ice-age, our time may not be the coldest the earth ever gets, it’s really close.

The geoscience definition of an ice age, “a protracted period sufficiently cool for ice-formation“, in the Phanerozoic sufficiently cool being taken as below 20C, means 3 Phanerozoic ice-age (Andean 460-420, late Paleozoic (330-255) & late Cenozoic 33.9 see graph) totaling 149M years, around 25% of the Eon.

While climate talks discuss the risk for humans of +1.5C and +2C, temperatures during the phanerozoic have ranged from -4C to +20c, the quite recent over +12C, and an average +9C! We humans have survived -4C but have never lived through warmer than +2C. As per this cartoon from attributed to the Smithsonian, despite 70m (230 feet) higher sea levels reducing the land area, maybe some of us could survive by moving to what’s left of Greenland or the Antarctic. Conversely, it makes sense that while dinosaurs dominated the almost 200 million years between glaciations/ice ages, the dino species pre-asteroid can’t return or re-evolve and survive the current climate. Their bird descendants, like cassowaries, can still be scary but they don’t include such giants as dinosaurs do, and are all warm-blooded.

Mentioning dinosaurs introduces the subject of extinctions. Climate change from Permian to Triassic, triggered initially it is believed by volcanoes, caused the biggest mass extinction of the Eon, next biggest, Ordovician-Silurian boundary temperature fall and rise, with the rise now believed to cause most extinctions, and again volcano triggered. Then, third biggest, the famous meteor plus volcano triggered end of the age of dinosaurs, leading to cooling that, fortunately for us, is yet to end.

Extinctions can also be opportunities. Peak life and a “full planet” came at the beginning of the Phanerozoic, with total life on the planet now limited, mostly by the ability of photosynthesis to produce food, making life a zero-sum game and the only way for a species to significantly grow their population is if they, or something else, causes a decrease in populations of those species. The Phanerozoic’s biggest extinction event (Permian/Triassic), produced the opportunity that became “the Mesozoic era: aka age of dinosaurs”. The third biggest extinction event, the meteor, produced the opportunity that became the Cenozoic era: aka age of mammals.

Evolution is not only about “Doing a Bradbury” or winning Gold because the others fall over! Bradbury had to be good enough to reach the Olympic finial. Species that reach abundance have usually been already “waiting in the wings” for their moment, by virtue of previous success on a smaller scale. Procaryotes began in small pockets of conditions in the Hadean, that became far more common and the Archean allowing them to thrive, complex live began Precambrian in limited numbers, then thrived the Phanerozoic once the changed atmosphere meant sufficient oxygen available globally. Small nocturnal mammals existed in the Mesozoic age of dinosaurs, then when temperatures fell, they could thrive even in the heat of the day, and with larger and larger body sizes without overheating.

Mass extinctions are now known to be just spikes within a constant stream of extinctions, largely due to continual climate change, which can happen on time frames too short to show on graphs with such long time periods. While the chart of the entire Phanerozoic Eon, reveals more detail on temperature than on the full timeline chart, consider the Cenozoic Era “age of mammals” chart. At the very right , temperatures are shown to continually swinging by 6C so many times per million years, that whole area around the red average line becomes shaded blue. Yes, the expanded timelines on shorter the time period graphs allow for more detail, but also the more recent the time, the more data we have. This is why, on this Era level graph, the blue detail line shows more data as the plot moves from 60M years ago to the present at the very right.

Cenozoic Ice Age: the habitat of us humans

There quite large “dominant carnivores on land” gorgonopsian precursors to mammals in cooler Permian leading up to the Mesozoic warmer age of dinosaurs, but even these “pre-mammals” not survive the change to a warmer climate.

There were earlier mammals even 225Ma,“true mammals” placental mammals 160 ma, but placental mammals didn’t thrive until the Cenozoic and the entire Cenozoic Era is known as the age of mammals, but largest mammals of the early hotter Cenozoic were all small limited to 5kg in size, at the start of the Eocene. Example from 50 million years ago being the common ancestor of the egg laying platypus and echidnas, and the marsupial like maelestes (image in video). As temperatures progressively fell, the size limit for largest mammals increased to 50kg by the end of the Eocene.

But it was after the Cenozoic ice age began that the first human sized mammals appeared (see video). This began the time species like humans could evolve and exist and by end of the (end Paleocene) large mammals, like Coryphodon, reached had 750kg.

All our mammal & ape ancestors going back 30 million years evolved in these below 20C “ice age” conditions. Including:

• 20-22 million, global temperatures around 18C of first apes.
• Proconsul, (see video) leading candidate as the key step from monkeys to apes,
• 18 million years ago, not our ancestor, but oldest large mammal not yet extinct
• (Okapi oldest large mammal species not yet extinct
• 6-7 million years ago, last common ancestors of humans and chimps.
• Sahelanthropus tchadensis [{image}](about 7 million years old) and Orrorin tugenensis
• 4.3 3.8 million years ago, 15C and earliest human species (Australopithecus anamensis)
• 3.3-3.4 million years ago, first evidence of stone tools and start of the stone age
• 2.58 million years ago the start of the Quaternary Period
• Pleistocen Epoch/(stone age) and Holocene 11.7ka of stability.
• 0.4 million years ago woolly mammoths
• 0.3 million years ago homo sapiens and stone age
• 0.013 Holocene climate stability
• 0.005 (3,700BCE) stone age and wooly mammoths end

The Cenozoic Ice Age is the habitat of humans.

We are from an ice age in the coldest period [quaternary], of the coldest era [Cenozoic] of the coldest eon [phanerozoic] of earth’s history. Although we aren’t currently in the coldest phase of an ice age, most of human and homo Sapien history has been in that coldest phase of an ice age. Blue, coldest “ice age” glacials, yellow, not quite as cold interglacials.

Yes, it is popular to take “ice age” to refer only to those up to 4C even colder extreme of glacial period, and while “ice age” films illustrate how different just 4C can be, consider how different it also was during the near 6C warmer than now times of this ice age. Within the just the 10C of an ice age, there is a wide range of conditions, but it is useful to have a label for the very different cool 10-20Cs conditions during of an entire ice age, in contrast to the more prevalent hotter 20-35C conditions during the of the rest of the phanerozoic. The Geoscience label Ice age temperatures range from 10 to 20c, which puts the 14-14.5c current below the middle of ice age temperatures. Perhaps there is too much changing of what words mean to make people feel better, and we should stick to the reality that, on earth big sheets of ice does mean an ice age, and do live in well below typical temperatures?

If we’d evolved in a warmer time, with the metabolism of reptile, or bodies more the size of a platypus and instinctively sheltering from the heat of the day in burrows or spending more time in the water, and then conditions moving outside an ice-age and back to the phanerozoic average would not bother us. But we didn’t. We evolved for Earths coldest times; we best hope it stays this way.

(repeated)That is 4.5 billion years so far, with 0.5 billion years of the Phanerozoic being like the bloom of life after rain in the desert.

We homo sapiens having existed for less than 1/10,000th, or 0.01% of those 4.5 billion years. Further, human civilization including all recorded history, has only existed within the Holocene period of unprecedented climate stability within the Late Cenozoic Ice Age Late Cenozoic Ice Age which is itself atypically cold time within the Phanerozoic Eon, and less than 1/10 of the time homo-sapiens have existed, as discussed in the video “Accessorised evolution”.

Civilization: Dependant on the Holocene stability?

When you look a graphs of climate that show the last the 2,000 years, it’s not always changing, but remarkable stability until at least 1950.

Yes, the “Medieval warm period” may have been warmer in Europe, but wasn’t noticeably warmer globally, and while the “little ice age” was colder globally, only by -0.5°C.

But zoom out a little, and past significant changes come into the picture. The period of stability coincides with the time of civilisation.

(Video of  Johan Rockström Ted talk at this point in the video)

A period of stability like thinks has never happened in the past human history, probably never in the entire earth’s history. The odds against such a period of stability at special time of accessorised evolution discussed in the video linked below, must be truly, astronomical.

Think about it – the stone age lasted 3 million years, more specifically homo-sapiens remained in in the paleolithic “old stone age for years 300,000 years, then, a change to a stable climate and in just 12,000 years, we move through new stone age to space and the internet. An unprecedented climate combination of stability and the ideal temperature, just at the time, a species able to evolve its tools/accessories, is ready to seize that window.
On every planet where these two events coincide it may result in a civilization like ours with intelligent beings watching internet videos. But even within the at least 100 billion planets in the galaxy, looking at the odds…. there may not be many places where this is happening. On all other planets in the galaxy that have a civilization like ours where intelligent beings can watch internet videos, each of those planets has just experienced the same two events coinciding giving rise to their civilization …. But even within the at least 100 billion planets in the galaxy, looking at the odds…. there may not be many places with beings contemplating this having happened.

Unless either nature, or humans, manage to sustain this climate stability, the current conditions that support 8 billion people will end. How long the stability will last naturally is unknown, and while there are stats on how long previous interglacial lasted, no previous interglacial looks like this, and it could end any time!

What’s next

(images in the video, with projections into the future added).

At every level, once started, temperature changes just keep on going until something turns things around. At the biggest picture level, we know the story: Earth is normally too hot for anything but highly resilient microbes, and at the millions of years timeframe, things will just get hotter and hotter until we leave, intervene, or die. At Phanerozoic level, sure the Earth has been typically at least +9C hotter in the past, but while we humans have no history of surviving beyond +2C, but as long as Cenozoic ice age conditions continue, we’re ok.
That makes the immediate question, what’s next for our Cenozoic ice age, particularly with that [{on screen}] temperature spike. The video linked below from Dr Ben miles suggests the ice age could end. Logically, there are three possibilities:

1. The current spike just goes away, but it doesn’t matching what has happened with any previous spike [{graphic spike}]…. [{vid dr ben on spikes}]
2. Temperatures could now start falling, as they have done previous times climate approached current temperatures. Those previous times did look very different, but temperatures started to head slowly down to a deep glacial “ice age”. That wouldn’t be unprecedented for humans, and perhaps we have learned how to keep the planet warm? [{dr ben video? circling on graph?}]
3. Temperatures remaining at spike level, or rising further, would start a chain reaction [{vid ide caps}] for further warming as ice melts. The spike rising beyond +2C does take temperatures to unprecedented levels for humans. +3C would takes it to unprecedent levels for any mammal over around 5kg, and the speed of the temperature rise means it threatens far more species.

In summary, all three possibilities are technically possible, but it’s
most likely the third one of the spike staying or rising further, which means we need to take some
action regardless of whether it’s natural or man-made.

How long?

How long have we got? Well, it may be unwise to ignore the signs.

Consider why we’re vulnerable. Civilisation going from under 2 billion to over 8 billion people in 100 years is like extending the population onto floodplains without caring about 100 year floods, or [{_{desert, tent}}] setting up camp in the desert just after rain and expecting to be able to stay. We can survive the Phanerozoic’s coldest so far, and could perhaps, in limited numbers survive up to 6°C warming by just restricting the latitudes where people live and sheltering, but we can only do it with a whole lot less people. As explained by links in the web version of this video, surviving anything approaching the over +8C, which is near the Phanerozoic average, would require some remarkable new technology.

Species never last. Remember the extinctions graph?

All species have a time limit [{as per this quote in the video from a research paper on living fossils}], so without, using our capacity as the first species with accessorised evolution (link below) to rewrite the rules, we have at best only a few million years, even considering [{the current temperature spike}], or other environmental boundaries.

Dinosaurs survived 180 million years, but “dinosaurs” includes between 10,000 and 25,000 species. No individual species survived anywhere near that long. There was a mass extinction event during their time, when temperatures plummeted to, not to as cold the around 14c today, but did dip briefly below 20C! Different times had different species, For example

• Stegosaurs existed for 10 million years (155-145Ma), (time line)
• Triceratops surviving 3 million years (68-66Ma),
• and various Tyrannosaurus family members including T-Rex overall survived almost 6 Ma (72.7-66 Ma).

Even with animals like crocodiles, often quotes as having been around since the age of the Dinosaurs, it is the crocodile family has been around for over a hundred million years and while current species look a lot like their ancestors to us, individual crocodile species alive today have existed for typically 10 million years or less. Still, long time survivors, but they have a have a reptile metabolism, live only in narrow range of the warmest habitats of our time, and spend a lot of time in water.

We are a homeotherm temperature inflexible large warm blooded mammals that evolved during an ICE age, without special heat coping mechanisms of other mammals such as heterotherm Elephants or Camels, [{_{s wing graph- today arrow – dino arrow}}] and don’t have the metabolism or design to survive high temperatures days that would happen in conditions those during the age of the dinosaurs, just as the only dinosaur descendants able to survive now, evolved to adapted to colder times in ways that, fortunately for us limits, their size}]. [_{survived the cold? dinousaur(t-rex) X bird(casso) tick}]

How long “we‘ve” got depends on whether “we” means us as a society of nearly 8 billion, or a holdout group underground near the poles, using special technology or something.
The risk of change that reduces the population and forces the relocation to different areas is far greater than that of total extinction and would come first anyway if we were headed for total extinction.
If society collapses to be no longer capable of the science and technology to develop control of climate, then our end becomes inevitable, as chances a repeat of climate stability to build a new civilization is unrealistic.
These things considered, it all comes down to a race between nature and our developing the ability to manage and control climate.

If only considering the data up to 1950, I would have thought maybe most likely we’d have another 500 years before to perfect solutions, and as discussed in “next population explosion” linked below, all going well, we’ll need expand beyond Earth in around 500 years anyway.

But given the data since 1950 and particularly since 2020, if the spike passes +2c, which currently, seems inevitable, then, as Dr Ben Miles suggest we could fully exit the Cenozoic ice age within decades, which would lead to devastation within the lifetime of those being born today…

I am going to allow confirmation bias and optimistically answer even if we pass +2C in the next 2 decades, if we could perhaps find a temporary solution before too much ice has melted and buy time, then we could still have that 5 hundred years deadline to have a full solution. But there is a big if.

Conclusions

The narrative- we live on this wonderful planet that’s naturally nurturing for humans – is just, to put mildly-totally-wrong. And dangerous. Oh, sure, nature itself would never cause species to become extinct.

The over 99% of all species so far have already become extinct, learnt that existence is fleeting, and nature is ruthless, as they all experienced a time when their entire next generation, all died. Those species had their moment while climate suited them, just as this current, so atypically cold for Earth that it has polar and Greenland etc ice covered areas, now provides us our moment while climate suits us. But the pattern of nature is for every species that moment ends, and nature will soon ruthlessly abandon us for species evolved to survive a hotter climate more typical for Earth.

Curiously, righteous environmentalists and climate risk deniers have in common faith that nature would continue indefinitely to provide a climate suitable for us humans.

One extreme with belief “nature is nurturing, but humans defile it and can destroy it”.

The other with belief “nature will remain nurturing no matter what human do”.

We need to reject the false narrative of a planet “always nurturing for humans” and replace it with “we are living in the amazing but fleeting time when earth provides an environment that suits us so perfectly”. And accept that we only exist in the window of a highly improbable opportunity that will close if we don’t gain the ability to ourselves keep it open.

That we have evolved to have this possibly is amazing- the result of a combination of events, perhaps unique with the galaxy.
The natural outcome would be for it all to vanish into nothing, as earth inevitably continues on the path to becoming just another lifeless planet in space.

To what extend it is humans or nature causing the current temperature spike makes little difference to the reality that we must find a way to stop it, not to “save the planet”, but to avert, or at least delay a mass extinction event that would become the natural progression, ending the age of mammals and including us humans and as an early casualty. A look at current trends and to what degree it is us closing the window of our time prematurely vs nature closing it for us, will be explored in another video which will be linked below.

Appendices.

links for the video:

us vs nature causing climate

[How long have we got notes:

Links on cold vs warm blooded

• physicsforums.com
• Do cold blooded animals do best in cold weather? or hotblooded?
• reddit.comr/explainlikeimfive on Reddit: ELI5: Warm-blooded vs. cold-blooded animals
• sciencedaily.comCold-blooded animals grow bigger in the warm on land, but smaller in warm water | ScienceDaily
• theconversation.comWhy cold-blooded animals don’t need to wrap up to keep warm
• ifaw.orgWhich animals are warm-blooded? | IFAW

Stuff to discard.

• 
  one for this scenario and say, it is possible we could on that give me current data … suggest s we do have a problem. Leaving aside whether for other ddicussions, wither this natural or not, there is a temperature spike.
• abny role of humans for other re is contributions human aside for other vidoes, the past 4x we have seen spikes like this were with the current late cnezooci ice age, and evey time temperature shtne pl\ummeted. Watch “day after tommorrow”. Devatating for civilization and population of even 1 billion, but not extinction. If that hapopens we could rise again in future.
• However, what we are seeing, as discussed in this video, seems like the type of ice-age termination when temperatures jump from the depth of glacial period, and can lead dramatic changes within decades. If to massiwhich coldu lead to . etrevent as we only normally see at coldest times., these can have an impact in just decades. If it gets past 2C warming, the it would be outside previous temeprtuare ating, this is llooking likely and
• But if it gest past 2C , then the only precends for ice-age termination events duringan interglacial – as discussed in this vidoe……Dr B en … (me polymath) we at is outside those , , we have some other problems to solve wiothin around 500 years. …..How long have we got?